by Debra Wood, RN
As kidney failure progresses, some or all of the following signs and symptoms may develop:
If kidney failure is untreated, the accumulated waste products and fluid can result in:
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National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases website. Available at: http://www2.niddk.nih.gov.
National Kidney Foundation website. Available at: http://www.kidney.org.
Rakel, R. Textbook of Family Medicine 2007. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009.
Rakel, RE, Bope, ET. Conn's Current Therapy. 60th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009.
Yu, HT. Progression of Chronic Renal Failure Arch Int Med. 2003;163:1417-1429.
Last reviewed October 2012 by Adrienne Carmack, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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